Monday, September 30, 2019
Masanobu Hirasawa
EXPERIENCE SUMMARY Extensive experience in mortgage origination, warehousing, securitization, market-making and risk management industries. Demonstrated success in developing new businesses, expanding client base, controlling costs and improving profitability. Highly-skilled in a full spectrum of mortgage-backed functions, including sales/trading, risk management, investment analysis, client presentations, cash flow modeling and performance analysis.OBJECTIVEBank management position supervising mortgage-backed properties division.EXPERIENCETOKYO STAR BANK, LTD., Tokyo, Japan                                                            Mar 2006-PresentGeneral Manager, Business Strategy & CoordinationBegan the first private mortgage conduit in Japan. Created third-party origination (correspondent l ending) and securitization platform during my first eight months.  Identified unique emerging market opportunities in Japan and founded program to provide specialized long-term financing support in the mortgage banking industry. Developed and launched innovative business concept to address under-served niche market and integrated new model with existing franchise.Created â€Å"Mortgage Banking & Conduit†in Corporate Finance Group and recruited professionals to underwrite, purchase and accumulate mortgage assets for re-packaging.Developed and launched two new loan products on time, including prime ARMs & hybrid ARMs and prime piggyback seconds (onto the Japanese conforming loan, â€Å"Flat 35†), which have been well received in the primary market.Established exceptional correspondent relationships with major mortgage lenders, such as SBI Mortgage, Toshiba Housing Loan, Mortgage Services of Japan, Family Life Service and Yuryo Housing Loan. Successfully funde d 2 billion yen in new loans in 10 months.Directed the across-the-board project to create and implement a streamlined origination process.Led the team to execute all documentations for acquisitions and resolved critical legal issues including Bank Agency Law.Developed pricing methodologies, optimized profitability and controlled budget.Oversaw underwriting guidelines and maintained the quality of acquired assets.Led the project team to create loan databases, which enabled the Bank to readily off-balance its assets.SHINSEI BANK, LTD., Tokyo, Japan                                                                   Feb 2002-Mar 2006Manager, Capital Markets DivisionDirected the team managing risks of the division’s conduit businesses, including mortgage loans and securitized loan po rtfolio. Created and reported detailed P&L, including key items like positions, hedge mark-to-markets and funding costs. Played a key role in acquiring residential mortgage loans from the secondary market and established a mortgage-banking platform such as SBI Mortgage, Shinsei Property Finance and Rakuten Mortgage.Independently managed the division’s portfolio, worth over 1 trillion yen in market value, and hedged its interest rate and prepayment risks primarily using swaps, caps and swap options.Instrumental in growing assets from 20 billion yen to over 1 trillion yen in 3 years. Achieved 20% annual net increase in investment income during that time.Developed a complete cash flow pricing model using INTEX and MIAC analytics to successfully acquire over 2 trillion yen of mortgage portfolios from regional banks.Set up and implemented secondary marketing functions for five mortgage correspondents, which added 15 billion yen new originations to the mortgage conduit annually.Created business plans, budgets and forecasting and made presentations to investment committees.Successfully managed a team of three pricing and risk management professionals and oversaw numerous loan database projects.MERRILL LYNCH JAPAN CO., LTD., Tokyo, Japan                                        Sep 2000-Aug 2001Assistant Vice President, MBS/ABS Trading and SyndicationTrader and marketer of global securitized products for Japanese and Asia-Pacific investors. Managed trading books by way of hedging trading positions and prepared a daily offering sheet with market comments and data. Attended sales meetings on a regular basis and extensive client management.Executed trades on U.S. pass-throughs, CMO and credit card and auto loan ABS with a volume in excess of $1 billion for the year 2000-2001.NOMURA SECURITIES INTERNATIONAL, INC., New York, NY          July 1998-August 2000Assistant Vice President, MBS ResearchResearch analyst for the U.S. residential MBS markets and assisted traders and sales force in assessing relative value, documenting trade strategies and generating investment ideas. Regularly wrote commentaries on market events, prepayment speeds and housing indices.HSBC SECURITIES, INC., New York, NY                                                           Jan 1998-Jun 1998Associate, Mortgage-Backed ResearchThe firm closed down its mortgage business in 2/98. Moved to Nomura Securities along with my supervisor.BLACKROCK, INC., New York, NY                                                                    Dec 1996-Jan 1998Analyst, Portfolio AdministrationLiaised with accounting agents of the firm’s institutional clients, participated in reconciliation with custodians and monitored portfolio compliance with investment guidelines and regulatory parameters. Worked as an intern between 12/96-4/97.EducationCOLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York, NYM.A., Statistics, 1996STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, BINGHAMTON, Binghamton, NYB.A., Mathematics, 1994Professional LicensesNASD Series 7 & 63 and JASD Level 1 & 2
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Educational Issues on the Internet Essay
Fundamentally this term education is a Latin word which means â€Å"to bring up†. It is the most significant sense with respect to experiences as education is the finest way of effecting one’s mind, it can revolve the characteristics and can produce unique ability in individuals as well. In year 1966 United Nations recognized and formed right to get education which was for the entire world and highlighted the concept of education as well. In the same year different ways and techniques of education were also presented in which it was defined that this is basically a process in which students are involved in order to learn numerous things. Besides this the words instruction were also illustrated that it is the procedure of delivering and conveying information by an instructor. (R. A. Malatest & Associates Ltd. , 2002) In early days education was not very much common in all areas and with every class of people, as initially there was only elementary education which consists almost five to seven years. At that time the general approach was that education should be given at primary level and should be structured in a way that the phase of schooling should be started at the age of six. But this thinking was almost instantaneously changes when UNESCO had taken an initiative and launched an educational program and declared it as Education for All. (Blurton, 1999) After the formation of above mentioned program the concepts of education taken a next step towards success and the concept of primary and secondary education was presented. But in this era, numerous technologies were developed and designed which revolved around the approaches of teaching and education. Technology has a great influence on education as these days computer and cell phones are used to present innovative ideas of learning. This unique way of learning was declared as online education or virtual education system. By these approaches, the concept of distance learning was also presented in front of us. In year 1969 the first distance learning university was established which was named as The Open University of the United Kingdom. Similarly, after the success of this university numerous other universities were also established. (Roblyer, 2006) But with the emerging concepts, styles and innovative approaches of education on computer and internet, numerous sorts of issues were seen as well. The most important issue of education on the internet is that there are numerous sites available for different subjects having endless number of resources but all these sites did not cover every age group issues as their level of education is same for all the users that log in to that specific website that confuse the students as their mental level did not match. Other then this we often noticed that education on internet is again a big issue in such case where sites are designed in such an order that all the lesson plans are available, along with lessons references are also provided for the students but the issue arises at the point that such websites are not as much effective as no source of direct interaction with teachers and authors are available. (Roblyer, 2006) Internet sites are offering numerous tests based web sites and they are also providing sample test papers so that students can have complete and deep knowledge of subjects and the pattern of exam questions. (Leland, 2002) Besides the above mentioned issues, one more point that proves that education over the internet is a big hurdle is that the distance learning users and clients have to consider the point that their computers are upgrade according to the latest software, hardware requirement. Similarly connectivity over internet and telephone line, maintenance, support supplies are the things that should be upgraded and maintained in order to get uninterrupted education on internet as these days numerous websites and software are designed according to new technologies which required great and appropriate configuration and protections. Along with such issues plagiarism is another big hurdle in education as there are number of students who when have a desire to study some unique and fine material then for this they have to be aware of numerous sites as education on internet is not as much fair and fine in every manner. There are numerous sites that students should avoid like Genius papers, a web named as Lazy students, Research assistance and some other sites as well. Beside this there are other sorts of fraud also notified as students over internet are asked to access the different documents by paying some amount, this fees started from almost $10 per page. (Schevitz, 1999) In addition with the issue of plagiarism there other problem of education on internet is that there are numerous authors and writers who does not go through the upgrading theories and approaches and just presented their work on the basis of their previous researches. So in order to avoid such issues students should look careful their reference page so by this they can came t know that either the author has utilized new technique by following innovative approaches and methods or not. (Roblyer, 2006) Beside these issues one more thing that should be noticed is students cannot work as team over internet when team work when needed. Although internet users can collaborate on the internet using different tools, however the direct and face to face communication and effort on projects are missing over education on the internet. (Leland, 2002) According to a research it has been notified that education on the internet does not provide good reading skills to the students, this sort of problem got a solution by providing learner-controlled sort of things that contains picture menu as well, linear sequencer and some other solutions as well but the problem remains unsolved as the students are still fail in developing better reading skills. (Blurton, 1999) In a nut shell, we can conclude that the internet is providing a great number of sources and opportunities for the students. Among them social networking is the significant one which have been rapidly accepted by the students of every age group as all of them is extremely much fascinated by this sort of new opportunity which enhance their self presentation, self learning skills, managing numerous things and other facilities as well. The biggest advantage is that their networking will increase. Along with this numerous authors and writers are still of the idea that only innovative approaches over internet education and development of new technologies is not the only way to provide better learning system, managements of things have its significance as well. References Blurton, C. (1999). New Directions of ICT-Use in Education. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from UNESCO: http://www. unesco. org/education/educprog/lwf/dl/edict. pdf Leland, B. H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the Web. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from Western Illionois University: http://www. wiu. edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism. htm Potashnik, M. and Capper, J. (2007, February 6). Distance Education: Growth and Diversity. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from World Bank: http://www. worldbank. org/fandd/english/pdfs/0398/0110398. pdf R. A. Malatest & Associates Ltd. (2002, May). The Council of Ministers of Education. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from Best Practices in Increasing Aboriginal Postsecondary Enrolment Rates: http://www. cmec. ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/49/malatest. en. pdf Roblyer. (2006). Integrating Educational Technology Into Teaching. New York: Pearson Education. Schevitz, T. (1999, November 5). Point, Click, Plagiarize / Web site nabs UC Berkeley students stealing from Net. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from SF Gate: http://articles. sfgate. com/1999-11-05/news/17705570_1_uc-berkeley-plagiarism-science-students
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Comparing the novels 1984 and A Brave New World with the Communist Essay
Comparing the novels 1984 and A Brave New World with the Communist Soviets - Essay Example In fact, many of the propaganda posters in 1984, do not have even have the correct war on them. None of this matters because a common enemy has been created, giving the government a lot more power in achieving exactly what it wants, without any internal conflict or protest. Both Trotsky and Goldstein are also accused of terrorist attacks, which is another way for political leaders to create fear within people, which was possible because they â€Å"were able the establish control over a large number of presses, paper supplies, and other printing establishments†(Suny 23). Creating fear among the population base is a good way of blinding them to the real motives behind their actions. In both situations, the governments create a representation of evil, in order to achieve a certain goal. A scapegoat is created in order to distract the people from reality and make the powers that be less accountable for their actions. In fact, many of the propaganda posters in 1984, do not have even have the correct war on them. None of this matters because a common enemy has been created, giving the government a lot more power in achieving exactly what it wants, without any internal conflict or protest. Both Trotsky and Goldstein are also accused of terrorist attacks, which is another way for political leaders to create fear within people, which was possible because they â€Å"were able the establish control over a large number of presses, paper supplies, and other printing establishments†(Suny 23). Creating fear among the population base is a good way of blinding them to the real motives behind their actions. In both situations, the governments create a representation of evil, in order to achieve a certain goal. A scapegoat is created in order to distract the people from reality and make the powers that be less accountable for their actions. The communist leaders of the Soviet Union were notorious for the manner in which they were able to control their popul ation. These leaders used methods that are very similar to the methods used in Brave New World and 1984, as these novels show situations in which mind control and totalitarianism are used in order to keep a population under control. In Brave New World, a mind controlling drug is used in order to achieve this, while in 1984, fear of an unknown enemy is how the population is controlled. In both cases, the government uses whatever methods are necessary, just as the Soviet governments did during the Cold War.Â
Friday, September 27, 2019
Santorini, Greece Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Santorini, Greece Architecture - Research Paper Example This volcanic eruption destroyed the center of the island, causing it to sink and to create today’s caldera. The caldera is circular in shape and it is entirely filled with water. In fact, it is the only sunken caldera in the world. The inner coast around the caldera is a precipice of nearly 300-meter drop; it has many layers of solidified layers of lava on top of each other. The outer beaches are very smooth and shallow. Sand color of beaches is different depending upon which geographic layer is exposed; it could be white, red, grey or black sand. The climate of Santorini is affected by its volcanic location. It is generally fair with pleasant temperature throughout the year. The summers are marked by drought. The temperature in the summer months e.g. July and August range from 30 -32 degrees centigrade during the day to 20- 23 degrees at night. Spring and autumn are perfect. The winters are generally humid with mild temperatures. Rain is almost nonexistent, but some showers are expected at the end of April and September. Snow is also very rare. The climate in the Santorini is also affected by the winds rushing in the region. The ‘meltimi’ wind is present in July-August while ‘sirocco’ wind blows here in the spring. The history of Santorini is closely linked with the geophysical characteristics of the region. Santorini and its caldera have been formed due to volcanic activity in the area. Santorini volcano has played an important role in the existence of an island from the prehistoric times to the present date. The island was named Callisto, strongly and Thera before it became Santorini. The name "Santorini" derives from the Crusaders who in their way stood for rest near the Church of St. Irene, so they called the island Santa Irene (Santorini). According to the known Santorini history, its first inhabitants were the pre-Hellenistic in the Bronze Age. After the Phoenicians, Dorians and the Minoans followed. Â
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 22
Business Ethics - Essay Example During lunch hour between 1 pm and 2 pm, I interacted with Stephanie my best friend. She asked me whether she looked fat in her dress. In response I lied to her that she doesn’t look fat in her dress because I didn’t want to tell her she is gaining a lot of weight and definitely looks heavy. During the weekend around 10am to 11am we visited the mall with my best friends Stephanie, Richard and Alex. I attempted to steal an item in the supermarket. Unfortunately, I was caught stealing the item. I refused to admit the shoplifting offense and instead said that I saw somebody else commit the offense. I did this to avoid the long arm of the law which would end me up to the jail. After the Christmas holiday my brother Mike, brought a gift to me that I did not like. I lied to him that the Christmas gift he gave to me was great because I know he put a lot of thought into picking up the gift for me. After classes around 4pm and 6pm, I visited my brother’s friend in Michigan who had just concluded constructing a house. The house was really small and cramped. For this reason I did not like the house. I lied to him that I liked the house because I did not want to dampen her excitement. During the evening classes my friend Stanley came to class with a new haircut. Many students noticed the haircut and admired it. To me the haircut was unpleasant and not appealing to the eyes. I did not want to hurt his feelings by telling him that I hated the haircut but instead told him that the cut was really good. During my interaction with the students and one of the members of the society within the 3 days, I realized that women told most of the lies more than men. According to the journal article ‘lying in everyday life’, research was made in colleges and the community and it was recorded that women told many lies compared to men. College students conveyed lying in roughly one out of every
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act's Essay
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act's - Essay Example Plaintiffs also allege that they incurred substantial personal losses due to their respective purchases of Daou stock at fraudulently inflated prices (2005). The district court held that the plaintiffs had failed to state sufficiently particularize claims under the 1933 Securities Act and the 1934 Exchange Act (2005). Hence, Plaintiffs now appeal the district courts dismissal of their Third Amended Complaint (â€Å"TAC†) with prejudice (2005). Plaintiffs contend that Daou fraudulently inflated the price of its stock by reporting revenues before they were earned, in violation of GAAP (2005). They claim that the said company employed an accounting method known as the percentage-of-completion (â€Å"POC†) method, which is used primarily to account for progress on long-term projects (2005). Under this method, revenue from these projects could only be recognized based on the percentage of labor costs incurred to date compared to the total estimated labor costs for the project (2005). Plaintiffs allege, however, that defendants would prematurely recognize revenue in contravention of the POC method (2005). Hence, because of such artificial inflation of the price of Daou stock, Plaintiffs allege that Daou was able to acquire eleven companies, and Daou executives and their respective family members were able to sell nearly 2.5 million shares for a total of $54.67 million in improper proceeds (2005). Plaintiffs also allege th at to their detriment they purchased their Daou shares during the class period at artificially inflated prices and that, had they been aware of Daous true financial results and condition, they would not have purchased their shares, or at least not at the prices paid (2005).
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
DQ6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
DQ6 - Essay Example I have seen the leadership using its resources to coach, mentor and train the employees, which is indeed a positive point. However sadly I have also witnessed severe criticism on the part of the leadership towards the employees which has basically discouraged them in an out and out fashion. These two aspects however run hand in hand within the organizational undertakings. The role of ethics in the workplace is of immense significance. The reason for the same is that ethical leadership would ask of the employees to give in their very best and in line with the organizational norms and procedures. Ethics would ask of the employees to be true to their morals and thus remain in line with their value systems and principles which are indeed very significant from the personality building regimes. Ethical undertakings would suggest that an organization knows how to make best use of its resources and that too within the prescribed limits of the society. The workplace would be seen in a very pragmatic way and thus the negativities would be done away with at the earliest by the people who hold some form of grudges against the same. It is a fact that an ethical workplace would see more people vying to join the organization than a workplace which does not manifest ethical behaviors and actions (Yukl 2006). Employee diversity is changing the workplace in the present times since this aspect has brought together people from different nooks and corners of the globe. The strengths of these people are being basically judged more than anything else. It does not really matter from where these people have been brought together for the sake of achieving organizational goals and objectives. What matters most is how these talented people give in their very best towards completion of the tasks that have already been envisaged by the leadership domains in the organization. Diversity has meant growth and development for the organization and
Monday, September 23, 2019
Unit IV Assessment#1 Biomass Exposure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Unit IV Assessment#1 Biomass Exposure - Essay Example as also a pertinent comparison of the adverse effects of biomass as compared to LPG, expertly intended to discourage people and governments to avert using biomass. Exposure to biomass affects the length of the menstrual cycle. In most cases, oligomenorrhea (extended cycles) is common (22.2%) while 7.5% of women exposed to biomass experienced short cycles. The prolonged cycle is disadvantageous since it increases the risk of preterm delivery, stillbirth, and abortions (Gurjar et al., 2010; pg.150). Biomass significantly changes the levels reproductive hormones in females. However, biomass combines with physical fatigue and stress related to poverty and affects the endocrine system thus leading to oligomenorrhea. Gurjar, B. R., Molina, L. T., & Ojha, C. S. (2010). Air pollution: Health and environmental impacts. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Retrieved from
Sunday, September 22, 2019
The Reality Shows Essay Example for Free
The Reality Shows Essay There are many TV shows around the world , some of them are very funny and meaningful, but there are some shows that are very, very pointless and outrageous. In that kind of shows the TV viewers make badly fun of the participants. And after the show they experience the pain of shame. For example one of that reality shows is â€Å"Price of Truth†. If you are participant in that stupidity, they ask you very personal questions for a lot of money each. For example one of these question is â€Å" Have you ever had perverted thoughts about your sister.†, this is unacceptable , you can’t humiliating people like this especially on air. For me dignity is more important than money and everybody should understand this. Reality shows must make people smile and relaxed from the horrible day , but this idiocy do the opposite. And the more important is that the children are watching this crap and its affect on their discipline and conversational vocabulary. And then we are mad at them without thinking whose fault is for their mistakes. But we can’t do anything about it , because nobody cares what we think , the people who can stop this shameful and harmful shows cares only about the money which are coming from these shows and they don’t see the consequences. That’s why I would never be a participant in that kind of bullshit. I recommend you think about what are you going to watch or being participant in.
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Fundamentals of Administration Curriculum and Supervision Essay Example for Free
Fundamentals of Administration Curriculum and Supervision Essay Introduction Administration curriculum and supervision in education developed out of the desire to run schools under laid down skills, rules and guidelines. This was supposed to be carried out by professors and educational practitioners. In the 18thcentury this process was governed by professionally unskilled men from the local community. The administration process in education is comprised of government officials in charge of education that is from the ministry o education, the professors, curriculum developers and designers, heads of schools and the teachers’ staff. The curriculum involves stakeholders in education, professors and teachers. Supervision consists of almost the members in administration with others like inspectors and invigilators. These are charged with the role of monitoring the implementation of programmes in schools. (Doll, W. E. 1993) In this paper am concerned with the fundamentals of administration that is main the main areas of responsibility in administration, challenges that leaders face in education, the curriculum in the American society and the supervision process in education as well as problems encountered in supervision in schools. The three factors are important in the education system because schools are run by programmmes, set of rules and guidelines which can only be done by administrators, curriculum developers and supervisors. Fundamentals of administration Administration is used to mean governance or a body of rules regulations and programmes that guide the running of an organization. In the education context it is the management in schools or educational institutions. This process is very important since it facilitates effectiveness and efficiency in planning and running school programmes. There are several departments in the sector of education and just like any other organization it needs experts in different fields to perform the function of governance. In my opinion the various main areas of responsibility in administration are as follows: The area of selection of content, which can also be referred to as leaning activities. Education in any society is supposed to mould learners to become useful members to the society and develop the culture of that particular society. Therefore administrators have the responsibility to ensure that what is placed in the curriculum is useful and will enable students achieve the objectives and goals of that education system. This is the reason why administrators in education should be professionally equipped with knowledge and skills so as to enable the come up with sensible decisions in education. (Marshall and Oliva2006) Selection and recruitment of personnel in education sector is yet another area that calls for administration. In the modern world unlike in the past, selection of experts to run and play different roles in education is supposed to follow some rules and qualifications of the candidates. The modern world is full of advancements and inventions especially in technology, thus during recruitment some criteria has to be developed by experts already in administration so that competence is maintained throughout in education. The administration plays the responsibility of selecting students to join various levels of education. It does this by setting up standards for students and schools. Selection of resources and materials to meet the needs of students is done by the decision makers which is still the administration from the governmental level down to the school level. It is the decision makers in government who decide the sum of funds to be allocated to the education sector after the budget has been drawn for a state. (Ann, M. 2008) Administration is also concerned with the factor of standards of performance that is the evaluation process. Education can never be complete without measuring the outcome in students the teaching methodologies and the curriculum used, because of this there is need to set up standards in evaluating these programmes. Evaluation brings about improvements, it helps to identify and eliminate unproductive programmes. In students it is for motivational reasons for guidance and counseling as well as grading them. (Marshall and Oliva 2006) Administration is also in involved in the field of certification and employment whereby after completion of a course students graduate to the next higher level or they join the job market. During this time of going to other levels they are given certificates according to their performance and qualifications. The administration is able to certify by checking the standards of summative evaluation especially the examiners, they are also included in the body of administrators. (Perry, M. 2000) Challenges that leaders face in school administration. The quality of administrators and teachers(trainers). These are the professors ,government officials and teachers in schools . The quality is low meaning hat the level of output will be low because they lack skills and competence, This leads to poor performance. It is evident in the field of technology where teachers lack skills in new innovations like the use of digital technology in education system (. Ann, M. 2008). The problem can be responded to by establishment of training centres for administrators and teachers. This will help to prepare them with necessary skills like the information and technology as well as presentation skills. There should encourage workshops seminars and conferences to enable administrators to share ideas on leadership and learn from one another through the interactions. By so doing I feel the administration will notice some improvements in its performance. The issue of low performance is also an obstacle in the education system which leaders face Low performance in the school system is as a result of factors like indiscipline among the learners and the school staff, violent behavior in the school and the low quality of teachers who cannot deliver. In learners indiscipline consist of drug abuse absenteeism from school and so on. While indiscipline administrators, teachers and the other school staff are those who fail to perform their duties alcoholics and lack respect towards their co-worker. This problem can be dealt with through guidance and counseling programmes in schools to rehabilitate especially the drug addict victims. Parent should also be involved in correcting the indiscipline children. I suggest that institutions should also come up with firm rules and regulations concerning indiscipline cases, and then a friendly relationship should be maintained between teachers and students to avoid rebellions in schools because students will feel free to express their feelings. The gap between the advantaged and the disadvantaged is yet another challenge that leaders face in school. This is a barrier in provision of equitable resources in education The well off families are able to provide quality education for their children while the less fortunate lack opportunity to access this education because of lack of resources. This can be solved by measures being put in place to provide education to all regardless of the inequalities in the society and the cultural imperialism. Ann, M. (2008) has explained this issue this means that the government should intervene to provide social justice in the society. Poor leadership and weak management in schools is another big issue of administration in schools. This comes about because of lack of leadership and managerial skills among the people who are given the responsibility to lead and manage schools. Misappropriation and embezzlement of funds and resources is as a result of poor leadership. Due to this the are unnoticeable developments and improvements in schools with weak leadership because the administration misuse funds allocated to schools to meet the learners needs hence performances go drop as the essential needs of students are not provided which affects them negatively. The above problem can be avoided through training leaders in schools to gain leadership and managerial skills to assist them in planning and organizing the programmes in schools and wise budgeting of school basic needs and materials. Leaders should also set up boards to supervise the handling of finance and school resources so that the school administration becomes accountable to the expenditures made this will ensure transparency and accountability in the school management. (Ann, M. 2008) Curriculum in the modern society. Curriculum can be defined as well planned and systematic programmes that enable the process of education to achieve various aims and objectives. Marshall and Oliva (2006). In trying to understand curriculum one needs to have an understanding of these factors. Epistemology where by one has to know what type of knowledge is contained in curriculum and what is to know. The political side of curriculum is who controls selection of knowledge that should be included in the society. Curriculum can be said to be a cultural construction . This is supported by the postmodern theory . The postmodern vision of curriculum research and classroom practices can lead to a just, caring and ecologically sustainable culture In regard to the constructive curriculum Doll (1993) said that â€Å"Being alert to the implications of historical sedimentations in language we use is no destruction. Curriculum can be viewed as a body of knowledge, however this should not make one to take it as syllabus because this perspective tends to take the traditional text book approach as a body of knowledge it makes sense because this makes education to be a process by which knowledge is delivered to learners. People who take curriculum as syllabus are likely to limit themselves in planning content. Curriculum is expected to promote social justice in education. The post modern theory tries to challenge the foundationalism, realism and essentialism that have led to discrimination in respect to race gender and culture because they limit their scope to traditional quantitative beliefs in postmodern theory that will fight gender, cultural and racial discrimination in the modern theory of education. Postmodern argues that it is not easy for a teacher to be called a teacher without being a learner . This is a very important point. Teacchers should be willing to learn from this process of teaching because learning is a life long process. Modern theory assumes that teachers know everything. However there is an argument that learning is a life long process and it will never be complete. (Ann, M. 2008) Supervision in education. It is the process of checking and monitoring the implementation of the curriculum. For example the curriculum developers supervise curriculum implementation and curriculum evaluation. Experts in this section ensure that the curriculum plans, materials and equipment are in good condition. The examination boards supervise administration of exams in schools. They facilitate the setting, moderation and marking as well as the grading of students and the schools. (Sergiovanne, J. 2006). The government is also involved in supervision in education through the ministry of education which takes care and checks maintenance of educational standards in a state. It ensures that all laid down procedures in education are followed and the standards attained. Supervisors in education like any other field need to be trained to acquire necessary skills in supervision. These include skills in setting priorities handling responsibilities communication and other important skills in a profession (Perry, M. 2000) Problems of supervision in schools. The supervision section just like administration they have common challenges which they face since they are both dealing in management of the education system. The major challenge that supervisors face is scarcity of resources and funds to facilitate their functions. There is high demand from the schools for resources to meet the materials and resources required in education especially in trying to provide for the disadvantaged population. This constraint gives supervisors hard time in dealing with the available resources. The gap in the society of poor and rich ,the social injustices are also challenges facing supervisors as well as misappropriation of funds by the authority to schools and lack of skills by some personnel which means poor performances in that field and interference from the government officials. ( Sergiovanne, J. 2006) Conclusion The education system is organized into various programmes and for this process to achieve a success it has to be run by experts in different sections, these administer and supervise the process while the content or learning activities carried out in schools are what we refer to as the curriculum. References Perry, M. (2000) Walking the Line: The Art and Practice of Anti-Racism Teaching for Social Justice. New York: Amazon. Sergiovanne, J. T. (2006). Supervision: A Redifination. New York: Amazon. Doll, W. E. (1993). A post-modern perspective on curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press. Ann, M. D. (2008) Sustainability: a leadership issue. Retrieved on 6th June, 2008 from http://www. sustainabilityaleadershipissue. blogspot. com Marshall, C. Oliva, M. (2006). Leadership for Social Justice: Making Revolutions in Education. New York: Pearson Books.
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