Research Analysis ‘Adult Drug Courts’ Free Essays

The General Accountability Office (GAO) did the study on Adult Drug Courts. GAO is an agency, operating independently and without any partisan agenda, that works for the U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Analysis: ‘Adult Drug Courts’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Congress. Its role is to investigate how the federal government appropriates public revenue to aid Congress in deciding over approval of the budget allocation of the federal government and ensure the accountability of the federal government for approved budget allocation. The drug court programs that started in the latter part of the 1980s (GAO 1) comprise one area of budget allocation by the federal government. The purpose of the drug court programs is to prevent recidivism of inmates involved in drug-related crimes. This served as a solution to the exploding prison population and escalating costs to the criminal justice system. The federal government commenced awards or grants to these programs in 1994 through the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. By September of 2004, there were already 1,200 programs established in the different states and 500 more programs are in the planning stage. (GAO 1) GAO conducted the study to determine the achievement of the purpose of the federal awards by considering the outcomes of drug court programs as mandated by the appropriations authorization law for the Department of Justice (GAO 2). The independent and non-partisan character of GAO as well as conducting the evaluations based on a legal mandate contributed to the objectivity of the results. What was the study about? The study is a systematic evaluation of previous researches done on drug court programs. GAO initially selected 117 studies assessing drug court programs conducted between May 1997 and January 2004 that made reports on recidivism, relapse of drug use, and outcomes of program completion (GAO 2). Of this number, GAO selected 27 studies that compared a group undergoing the drug court program and a group not part of any drug court program. Five of the 27 studies were experiments with an experimental and control groups with members assigned at random. The 27 studies covered 39 drug court programs for adults. (GAO 9-10) The aim of the GAO evaluation was to obtain systematically information on drug court programs, specifically the components of drug court programs, the outcomes of these programs, and costs of these programs. The evaluation also conducted a cost-benefit analysis of 8 studies providing information on costs and benefits. Four of the 8 studies even enabled the determination of net benefits. (GAO 9-10) To augment the evaluation of studies on drug court programs, GAO also interviewed key respondents from three government agencies with direct involvement in the implementation of the drug court programs, including the Department of Justice, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and Office of National Drug Control Policy (GAO 3). The combined evaluations and interviews supported conclusions based on multiple perspectives of the effectiveness of drug court programs to aid legislative decision-making. What is the time-period of the study? The evaluation commenced in October 2003 and concluded in February 2005 in compliance with auditing standards (GAO 3). Although the research process involved a period of 1 year and 4 months, the study is a cross-sectional study because the focus is results over a given period, specifically studies done between May 1997 and January 2004 and interviews over the operations of drug court programs during the same period. The evaluation did not intend to trace developments in drug court programs or study specific individuals involved in drug court programs over an extended period. Doing cross-sectional study allows the comparative and collative evaluation of studies on drug court programs. However, this also creates the limitation of the results by not covering developmental issues or problems emerging from the programs. What is the research design of the study (planning)? The research design employed in the evaluative study is the mixed methods research that integrates both quantitative and qualitative aspects to derive better results when compared to using only one aspect or the other. The mixed method research requires the derivation of both quantitative and qualitative data and integrative analysis of both types of data. The study by GAO collected quantitative data by using statistical analysis of the data derived from the 27 studies. The presentation of results was through comparative and summative tables. It also derived qualitative data based on the results of the 27 studies and interviews with three government agencies (GAO 3) directly involved in the implementation of the programs. The presentation of results was through tables and text discussions. The planning of the evaluative study by GAO involved secondary research and interviews as data collection techniques. Secondary research is a three-stage process. First stage is searching for studies on drug court programs from research databases using key words such as drug court program and recidivism as well as drug court websites of research institutions or organizations that are likely to have made studies on drug court programs. GAO also considered previous studies it made on drug court programs. It also requested for drug court studies from research agencies. Second stage is review of the studies found to determine those that qualify for its criteria of study coverage including recidivism, drug use, and program completion. Third stage is in-depth review to determine the studies that employed group comparison methods such as those using experiment and control groups in experiment and quasi-experiments, which employed either historical comparison group or contemporaneous comparison group (GAO 17). The studies selected also employed a number of statistical methods to address individual differences and allow for comparison and collation as well as address selection bias (GAO 19). Interviews with three agencies yielded background information on the drug court programs including the characteristics of the drug court programs and the participants of these programs. (GAO 9-10) The analytical techniques also combined statistical with document or text analysis. The combination of data collection methods and use of multiple analyses addressed selection bias arising from differences in the methodological approaches of the studies evaluated and derivation of as much information as available to support generalizations. What are the results of the study? The results of the study had strong and weak points. These showed reduction in recidivism during the course of the program, lower percentage of re-arrests or re-convictions for participants of the program relative to non-participants, there was also relatively lower re-arrests or re-conviction across program participants, recidivism reduction was uniform regardless of the severity of the drug-related offence. However, there was no conclusive data to support the link between specific characteristics of the program to within-program recidivism. Recidivism rates within one-year after program completion were similar with recidivism during the program to indicate maintained low level of recidivism. (GAO 5-6) However, this only covers the immediate year following program completion. Data on drug use during the program was inconclusive. Drug tests showed a decline but self-reported use indicated no change (GAO 6). This could be due to the limitation of drug testing as the means of determining drug use within the program. This could also be due to methodological issues such as insufficient data or lack of comparative measures. Completion rates that depended on compliance with activities and responsibilities varied between 27 to 66 percent. Factors such as age and severity of offence are explanations of the variance in completion rates with older participants more inclined to complete the program. (GAO 6) There were no definitive explanations for the variance in completion rates. Cost benefit analysis showed a greater cost per individual program participant when compared to cost per individual non-participant of the program. Results of four studies covering seven drug court programs indicated net benefits because of the decline in recidivism that meant decline in costs to the judicial system and avoidance of costs to potential victims of recidivism. Nevertheless, these did not consider indirect benefits. Only two drug court programs reported actual data on cost savings of the criminal justice system. (GAO 6-7) More data is necessary to support generalizations on the comparative costs and benefits of drug court programs. What are opinions of the study? The study holds beneficial value but it also has limitations. Its beneficial value comes from providing an overview of the state of knowledge over the effectiveness of drug court programs. Decline in recidivism, at least during the program and one-year immediately following program completion, reflected the extent of effectiveness of drug court programs. Some of the drug court programs also led to financial net benefits. This implies the contribution of the drug court programs in lowering drug-related recidivism. As such, Congress could decide to continue approving federal appropriations to drug court programs. However, the study also has limitations as a preliminary study that requires follow-ups. The use of secondary research meant that data relied on the results of existing studies, which is not sufficient to inform on the overall effectiveness of drug court programs. The use of interviews provided characteristics of the drug court programs and the participants but was underutilized. The interviews could have yielded more data such as on implementation issues, best practice, areas for improvement, and other pertinent information to support the evaluation. Work Cited Government Accountability Office (GAO). Adult Drug Courts: Evidence Indicates Recidivism Reductions and Mixed Results for Other Outcomes. Washington, DC: GAO, How to cite Research Analysis: ‘Adult Drug Courts’, Essays

Manage Corporate Citizenship And Sustainability - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Manage corporate citizenship and sustainability. Answer: Ethics is considered in terms of setting behavioural standards for all courses of life. In order to survive in life, at every moment people have to take decision in terms of choosing the right act. In this assignment, I will discuss how to make ethical decision against ethical dilemma in the context of business management and personal life management. International system ethics of Backwoods Limited will also be discussed in terms of sustainable product innovation. I think that ethical decision-making is priority in terms of keeping control over situations. In terms setting ethical behaviour, it is necessary to consider three ethical theories from different categories - Normative ethics, Meta ethics, Applied ethics. I would like to discuss these three theories in the context of my personal ethical framework. Based on this discussion I will justify how I take decision in managing ethical problem. According to me, human beings are the moral agents. Our behaviour needs to reflect humanity. We all have some of the responsibilities towards society. Similarly, businesses also have to execute some of the responsibilities towards global society. Accomplishing welfare of society is considered one of the premium needs of business ethics and personal ethics. We, individuals need to engage ourselves to be a part of a global system of ethics, which is sustainable. As per my vision, business entrepreneurs are the social leaders. They are able to set a new trend in terms of designing a sustainable global society. In this context, social entrepreneurs need to think from the aspect of technology and sustainability in order to take right decision. Giving priority to ethics is necessary to develop personality in terms of influencing people. Ethical behaviour leads us to take the right attitudes in terms of fulfilling our personal intention. On the other hand, in terms of sustaining in the comp etitive environment, we need to behave logically. Hence, I think that ethical behaviour is a rational system in terms of driving globalization in the right order. I also think that in order to survive in a globalised environment, cross culture is necessary to take into account. In order to be a part of cross culture, we need to give priority to the advancement of technology. Today, without considering technology we cannot be able to take the right decision in terms initiating a sustainable system. Ethics is considered as the standard of behaviour in terms of taking decision at all levels of life. The purpose of ethical framework is to develop our society as a lot more ethical (Platt, Kass McGraw, 2014). Ethics need to be concern of every individual to behave in the proper way towards making choices on daily basis. On the other hand, the concern of ethics makes an organization responsible in terms of fulfilling the needs of society (Platt, Kass McGraw, 2014). In the case of businesses, system choices are priority in accomplishing business mission, vision and objectives. System choices are also priority to consider technological advancement in initiating sustainable business innovation. As an example, we can take into account the bottles of Blackwoods Beverages from 1965 (Bond, 2015). These bottles are considered as the novelty of Blackwoods Limited due to its durability. Blackwoods Limited declared that the bottles of Blackwood beverages were their property. People were stric tly prosecuted to use, destroy and retain the bottles. The company enforced property rights over the Blackwoods beverage bottles in terms of showing how social and cultural value can switch over time. On the other hand, enforcing this property rights managementthe efficiency of resource use in global society. If anyone failed in returning one of the Blackwoods bottles, the person could be arrested. However, in a time range within 1920 to 1965 some of the people reserved the bottles (Denton, 2014). It is necessary to note hereby that the price of those bottles is $15 now (Ford Richardson, 2013). This system ethics helps Blackwoods Limited to control unnecessary waste of the containers and excess packaging (Crossan, Mazutis Seijts, 2013). The system choices of the company are cost effective also. Blackwoods Limited gave value packaging more than the contents in it (Thiel et al., 2012). It enables the company to develop a strong brand value and identity in global society. In addition, the choice of this system ethics made a change in the design of our global society. It leaded our society to learn how should be the process of resource allocation in terms of restricting unnecessary wastes. This company is a good example to see how values are changed in the same social and cultural system with the continuous development of technology. From this example, it is understood that the system choice is the priority in order to solve poor design of society. The bottles of Blackwoods beverages are now considered as the antiques property (Iphofen, 2016). It is necessary to mention hereby that the Blackwoods bottles remain intact over time. I am highly inspired from the choice of system ethics of Blackwoods Limited. It leads me to believe an ethical framework needs to be followed by everyone to make a logical choice on regular basis. Relevance of a global situation is necessary to take into account before taking an ultimate decision. Ensuring sustainability is arguably tough. It is because there is always a conflict between the needs of current generation and future generation (Banathy, 2013). I always ensure to take into account the needs of current generation and future generation in terms of taking decisions. I also take into account three categories of ethical theories in order to take ethical decision for resolving a dilemma. According to normative theory, the parameter of ethical behaviour is norms, standards or criteria (Crane Matten, 2016). Utilitarian theory, Kantian theory and divine command theory are the good examples of normative ethical theory. The welfare of maximum population and social consensus are priority as per normative theory (Rescher, 2014). Meta-Ethics is a unique theory in order to understand the significance of ethics. The concern of Meta-ethics is if ethics is culturally and universally relative (Ford Richardson, 2013). Meta-ethics are considered in terms of judging the nature of ethical claims. Applied theories are important to resolve a specific issue in relation of belonging to an organisation (Brown.edu, 2018). Applied ethics are considered in terms of applying normative theories in terms of making decision within an organisation. Normative ethics help me to decide what is right from wrong. I consider Meta-ethics in terms of judging the nature of an ethical claim. However, I always follow applied theory for reflecting a standard of ethical principles in my behaviour. The important thing for taking the right decision in every situation is accessibility to correct information (Thiel et al., 2012). In this case, my priority is to hook with latest technology. I want to conclude with this claim that it is essential to have a framework for ethical decision-managemen. I think that in order to achieve a sustainable position in the most competitive environment, maintaining a globalised behaviour is important. Social consensus is necessary to take into account in terms of initiating a sustainable design of global system. In order to sustain in this world every day we have to face a variety of situations. In order to tackle these situations, it is my priority to take the most right approach. In this reference, I am completely depended on the latest technology in order to get the instant access of right information. In this way, I determine my mind what I should do against a particular situation. In conclusion, I would like to consider that system choices are the most vital thing in terms of changing unsustainable global society. Reference list Banathy, B. H. (2013). Designing social systems in a changing world. Springer Science Business Media. Bond, T. (2015). Standards and ethics for counselling in action. Sage. Brown.edu. (2018).A Framework for Making Ethical Decisions | Science and Technology Studies.Brown.edu. Retrieved 12 January 2018, from https://www.brown.edu/academics/science-and-technology-studies/framework-making-ethical-decisions Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016). Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Crossan, M., Mazutis, D., Seijts, G. (2013). In search of virtue: The role of virtues, values and character strengths in ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(4), 567-581. Denton, P. (2014). Technology Sustainability. RMB Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. In Citation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Iphofen, R. (2016). Ethical decision making in social research: A practical guide. Springer. Platt, R., Kass, N. E., McGraw, D. (2014). Ethics, regulation, and comparative effectiveness research: time for a change. Jama, 311(15), 1497-1498. Rescher, N. (2014). A System of Pragmatic Idealism, Volume II: The Validity of Values, A Normative Theory of Evaluative Rationality (Vol. 2). Princeton University Press. Thiel, C. E., Bagdasarov, Z., Harkrider, L., Johnson, J. F., Mumford, M. D. (2012). Leader ethical decision-making in organizations: Strategies for sensemaking. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 49-64.

Karl Marx Essays (564 words) - Marxist Theory, Marxism, Karl Marx

Karl Marx Karl Marx wrote many works throughout his time, but one of the works of his youth was called On Man and History. This work by Marx was written when he was a youth and was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the works of Hegel philosophy. There are two sections in this document one is the Alienated Man and the other is History. The first section by Marx talks about how man is alienated by the process of labor and the product that is made out of the labor. Marx says that the process of labor is an alienation because man does not do work for their own pleasure and the labor is not part of the nature of man, but the labor is forced upon man to gain other satisfaction such as entertainment, money, and food. In addition, Marx states that the work done by a person is not for him or herself but for consumers or it belongs to a man other than the worker. The other part in this section is the relationship between man and the products they produce. Each "commodity" (product) produced by the worker devalues themselves even more every time the worker produces it and when the commodity increases in price. This happens because the worker uses their own energy to produce the product thus losing the inner self and inner life. Marx also, says this about religion; when man attributes to god the less they have of themselves. According to Marx the reason for these, alienation of man is because of Capitalism related to private property. In the second section, Marx states that throughout history the ruling ideas are always the ruling society, ruling class, and ruling intellectual force. The reason that ruling classes rules over intelligence according to Marx is because that class has the material means to be dominant. He gives the examples of when the bourgeoisie was the ruling class freedom and equality would dominant, but when the aristocracy the concepts of honor and loyalty would dominant society ways of thinking. The reason this kind of thing happens is that people will listen to people who have power. This is still clearly shown throughout society today. One example of this is Peter Warrick and the department store incident. If Peter Warrick was a regular person, he probably would of not gotten the discount that he got for the colthes he got, but by being a nationally reconginized star he got the discount that he got. Another example of this is the O.J Simpson trial. If O.J Simpson was a regular person the trial would not of gone nationally and might had been a different outcome, but by being a star, he influenced the national public and got a not guilty verdict. Throughout this document, Marx clearly showed many biases. One of them was he was an atheist because in the section of Alienated Man he says that religion is the same way as labor because once a person attributes to God the less he is left with themselves. His second bias is towards communism and his dislike of capitalism. He shows this bias in the last part of the Alienated Man by saying that private property and capitalism is why the alienation of man happens. Marx got all these bias when he was young by reading Hegel and Feuerbach; also by living through the industrial revolution influence all these biases. This document written by young Marx influenced many things throughout history: it was one of the starting foundations of later works by Marx for example The Communist Manifesto and also laid the foundation of Communism.

Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind Essays - Penology, Criminology

Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind Essays - Penology, Criminology Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind Out of sight, out of mind. Californias Three Strikes law is based loosely on that very philosophy. When someone is a repeat violator of the criminal justice system, the best solution is to just lock him or her away for a life term without the possibility of parole. We should disregard any of the positive accomplishments these individuals have possibly made to society, their families and their ability to change their lives. Possibly the next step is to simply execute these repeat offenders. Why continue to spend the tax money of hard working Americans to support these criminals? Unfortunately, attitudes like the one just conveyed are too common and are fueling the fire of the Three Strikes law. Out of sight, out of mind has never been a sound solution to any problem, and the Three Strikes law is not a solution. The idea of locking up a repeat offender of the criminal justice system for life is incredibly too convenient. As human beings, most of us will respond to nurture and education. When dealing with criminals, this becomes known as rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is not something that always comes on the first try. In a very broad sense, it is like learning how to ride a bicycle. You try, and try again until you eventually are riding smoothly and freely down the street. Of course, you fall off. You might even fall twice, or three times, but eventually you do get it. Alcoholics do not always get sober the first time they attend Alcoholics Anonymous. Very often, it takes several attempts; this means several relapses into their dependency on alcohol. Once they are sober, they need to continue their rehabilitation for life. They need to continue with their weekly meetings and with the interaction of other rehabilitated alcoholics. These are the principals that need to be applied to criminals . The argument could be made that some crimes do not merit a second chance at freedom or even rehabilitation. This is true. Murderers, rapists, pedophiles and other violent offenders are an exclusive group of criminals who should serve a severe prison sentence. Repeat offenders of these crimes should absolutely be locked away for life. The Three Strikes law does not consider this. The circumstances of these offenses are never taken into consideration. Michael Riggs stole twenty dollars worth of vitamins and received a sentence of twenty-five years to life. He also had a criminal record and it was his past offenses not his current one that got him the lengthy sentence. Non-violent offenders need rehabilitation, not permanent captivity. The underlying idea here is that these criminals need help and rehabilitation at the very first offense. There is no denying that a criminal owes a debt to society and that jail time should be served. Programs need to be set up to rehabilitate criminals the first time they stray from justice. Prison to work programs will also create opportunities for these criminals to be able to find work after prison and have a purpose. A human being can not be put out of sight or out of mind, because we as Americans are not blind nor are we unforgiving.

How to Write University of Wisconsin-Madison Essays 2017-18

The University of Wisconsin–Madison (the official state university of Wisconsin) is a public university that was founded in 1848, directly following Wisconsin’s acquisition of statehood. Wisconsin is well known not only for its excellent academics, but also for its hugely successful NCAA athletic teams. The 936-acre campus is located right next to downtown Madison, which is consistently ranked as one of the best college towns in the country. With nearly 5,000 unique courses and over 200 distinct majors, it’s no wonder that the University of Wisconsin–Madison attracted 32,887 applicants to the Class of 2016. The 52.6% acceptance rate necessitates strong supplemental essays, and we at are here to help you break them down step by step! Students can apply online, using either the Common Application or the University of Wisconsin Application System. Both application options require two supplemental pieces of writing: a short prompt and a long prompt. Below, you’ll find the two prompts along with our take on the best way to tackle the essays, as well as some tips on what you should (and shouldn’t) include in your supplements. This prompt shouldn’t be too difficult — with a limit of 100 words, you’re going to be writing no more than a few sentences. While you should use this short essay as an opportunity to elaborate on the activity that portrays you in the best light, make sure that the selected activity is actually â€Å"important to you.† If the extracurricular that you select appears impressive (think three-time section leader in your all-state band, or coordinator of a peer tutoring program that works with nearly one hundred kids), but you’re not able to articulate why it’s relevant to your life and your journey through high school, the admissions committee won’t be impressed. Don’t feel like the activity you write about needs to be one in which you held leadership; while leadership in the activity is of course looked highly upon, the genuine story you tell about its importance to you is key. Take this scenario: You were elected student body president as a junior and presided over all student council meetings. While you enjoyed the position, you’re planning on majoring in biology and not government. Last summer, you were one of the few interns at a local research hospital, where you helped discover a previously unknown bacterium. Even though you’ll likely put â€Å"student body president† as the first item on your activity list, you may want to write the short essay about your experience at the hospital, which led you to decide on a biology major. If you participated in any type of volunteer work, at a local soup kitchen or homeless shelter, and feel that those experiences had a profound impact on you, you could write about the volunteer work. That being said, you don’t necessarily need to write about volunteer/community service activities! If you were the president of your high school’s school store, or the captain of your town’s travel soccer team, and that significantly defined your past few years, you can absolutely choose it as your activity. The key is just to make sure admissions officers get a more in-depth look at who you are through the lens of the activity. Whichever activity you choose, be sure that your writing is clear, concise, and effective. There’s no need for complex metaphors, nor overly intense descriptions. As long as it’s evident to the reader that your activity had a meaningful impact on your development as an individual, you’ve done your job! Submit your essay and we’ll get back to you with helpful edits. In the long essay prompt, the University of Wisconsin-Madison is looking for a modified version of the â€Å"why us† supplement. Even if Wisconsin isn’t your top choice, for the purposes of this essay, you should put yourself in the shoes of a student that’s wanted to attend Wisconsin for the past few years. If you have family ties to the university, or live in Wisconsin and have grown up rooting for the Badgers in sporting events, don’t hesitate to mention it! The admissions committee wants to see commitment and genuine interest in the school—they should instantly feel your passion for Wisconsin as they read through your essay. While the prompt appears to pose two questions: â€Å"Why Us?,† and â€Å"What opportunities would you take advantage of as a student?† you should be blending the two questions together throughout your supplement. Show your passion by mentioning specific courses, clubs, or programs that you are interested in. The university website will be your greatest resource for this — there’s a wealth of information available! Explain how your experiences throughout high school qualify you for admission to the University of Wisconsin. Articulate how those experiences demonstrate, in the words of the admissions website, â€Å"leadership, concern for others and the community, and achievement in the arts, athletics, and other areas.† Try to provide an example of each of those three areas (or, better yet, find an activity that combines multiple). Serving as the captain of a school athletic team demonstrates both leadership and athletic achievement while selling handmade crafts at charity auctions demonstrates concern for community and artistic achievement. Don’t try to make the entire essay just about these three facets of your personality, but do make sure that you adequately explain how your activities exemplify each character trait. Also, don’t be afraid to talk about experiences unrelated to your major: If you’re applying to the School of Education, you can absolutely bring up an organization in the School of Business that focuses on entrepreneurship, like the WAVE or WEB program, or a research opportunity, like the Grainger Institute in the School of Engineering — the more well-rounded your interests are at Wisconsin, the more likely you are to be accepted. The last, and optional, component of the prompt asks you to explain any â€Å"circumstance that could have had an impact on your academic performance and/or extracurricular involvement.† Be very careful with what you write here, and remember that it’s completely optional. If you choose not to include it, there’s really no harm done (and, if anything, it eliminates the possibility of writing something that could decrease your chances of admission). If there was a situation throughout high school that was thrust upon you (think family/personal medical emergency or moving schools), you can absolutely write about that, as it will help to establish sympathy with the reader. If you’ve had any experiences that could reflect negatively on you, including them in the essay may not be wise. Writing about depression, drug/alcohol use, or criminal activity could raise red flags and prevent you from being accepted. If you feel strongly about including one of these topics (or something similar), definitely reach out to a guidance counselor, teacher, or trusted adult to ensure that you’re crafting your message in the best possible way. We hope our analysis of the two supplemental essay prompts has helped you to fine-tune your plans for your Wisconsin-Madison application!

Analyze the Running Case on pages 456-457 of the textbook Essay

Analyze the Running Case on pages 456-457 of the textbook - Essay Example To finish all projects in time, it is important to allocate sufficient resources and manpower to all projects. The first step will be workforce planning which involves anticipating and integrating human resource in order to preempt contingencies that would prevent delivery of a project in time and at the allocated budget. Each project will have a work plan which gives the expected progress with time, budget, resources and expected contingencies and ways of mitigating them. For the parts carried out by the company procedures and work instructions, a standard progress reporting form will be prepared with fields for the report date, status of the project as a percentage, expected status as of that date from the project planning, budget used as a percentage of the total, next report date and a description of the progress made in the project. "We are also concerned that the longer the full implementation takes †¦.† By Kevin Johnson, USA TODAY advertisement on FBI behind schedule, over budget on computer system. From this it is quite evident that a project that goes beyond the stipulated plan bracket ends up by being costly. To implement the completion of the project within the budget bracket, PMO executes the project(s) through four phases where in the initial stages, the PMO team is trained on the basic project management processes, standards to be followed when running the project (Mahnic, & Zabkar, 2012) . For the projects to be carried out by subcontractors, and partners, progress reporting dates will be agreed upon and included in the progress contract. A similar progress reporting form will be used by external contractors with actual inspection by Wild Solutions staff to verify the claims of the submitted progress report. Control process for progress reporting focus on software design schedule, construction schedule, budget and resources (Mahnic, & Zabkar, 2012). Under design schedule, reporting will focus on how well the completed part of

Human Belief System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Belief System - Essay Example Bruce focuses on the new biology known as epigenetic, which shows how the energy and consciousness are critical in changing life on earth as DNA and chemistry (Lipton 69). He brings his clarity, insight and humor unveiling how we perceive things including: 1. How thought and emotion controls the character of every cell. 2. Quantum physics and life 3. Cooperation and evolution and these are supported by following quote In fact, only five percent of cancer and heart suffering patients can associate their disease suffering to being passed on from parents to siblings. While the mediums of communication made a big excitement upon the discovery of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer genes, they failed to criticize critically that 95% of breast tumor are not caused by genetic material passed on parents to siblings. The tendency of a medical condition in a significant number of cancer patients is derived from environmentally leads to epigenetic alterations and not intercepted DNA." (Lipton, pg 72) Among the refuters of Lipton ideas is the selfish gene which is a book on evolution which builds its principal on adaptation and natural selection theory. The name expresses the gene view of evolution where it follows that two or more individuals are genetically related and that makes them behave selflessly with each other. The selfish gene concept is proficient at explaining many forms of altruism. An organism is expected to evolve so as to maximize its inclusive fitness thus a number of its copies are passed on globally, this make the population to evolve toward evolutionary stable strategy. He proposes the idea of initial molecule that multiplied itself and survived over the other genes. Gene combination helps an organism to survive and to reproduce thus improving genes own chances of being inherited. As a result, those that succeed will be beneficial to the organism. Genes can reproduce each other at the expense of the organism, and thus power struggle is limited. (Dawkin, 112) Explains that the selfish gene can be subtle gene, and its world revolves on savage competition, ruthless exploitation and deceit. The act of apparent altruism does not exist in nature he explain how a bee will sting and die to protect the hive and birds risks their life to warn the flock of an approaching hawk thus providing an explanation that it’s the selection that favors gene that promotes cooperation among them (P.30). This happened to the point that communal nature of a colonyidentical genesis for all intents and purposes unrecognizable. This theory of selective genes is similar to the theory of evolution According to the Charles Darwin he held an opinion that life is similar. Therefore, there are descendants who originate from a common ancestor have the same characteristics and thus presumes that development of life is purely natural and modified with descent. He explains the concept of natural selection where it seeks to preserve and accumulate minor and advanta geous genetic mutation (Charles 162). A good demonstration is where an individual inherits a negative gene, and in turn passes on to his or her descendants these inferior members of the same group will be disadvantageous and thus will be outlived by the superior ones who exhibit positive genes as inherited by them. Therefore from the above it shows that this theory refutes Lipton since cell control the